Muddiest Point

After a lecture, learners are asked to concisely record what is still unclear on a piece of paper. The facilitator collects all the muddiest points and addresses the concerns in the following class by identifying patterns/themes in the responses. Addressing the muddiest points may include a summary of the class’s responses, a discussion, or an activity that helps clarify points of confusion.

Individual/Group Activity Group & Individually
Class SizeSmall (<25), Medium (25-50), & Large (51-200)
Bloom’s Taxonomy LevelRemember
Development InitialAbsolute Knowing
Minimum Time to Facilitate< 15 Minutes
Minimum Time to Debrief< 5 Minutes
PDFsHere

Image by Friedhelm Brandenburg from Pixabay

Discipline-Specific Examples

STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics)
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Humanities
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Social Sciences
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Co-Curricular
(experiences outside of the formal classroom but contribute to student learning)
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Universal Design of Learning Adaptations

Universal Design for Active Learning
UDL and active learning share a common goal: centering all students in the learning experience. When designing an activity, UDL‑informed instructors consider how the activity could be open to all students while preserving the core learning goal.

Physical Considerations
If handwriting is not required, allow digital submission.

Timing & Pacing
Encourage noting questions throughout the lecture rather than generating them on the spot. Allow sufficient end-of-class time.

Social Interaction
Allow anonymous submission to reduce social risk of expressing confusion.
Information Accessibility
Allow reference to lecture notes. Provide a sentence starter to support articulation.

Ways to Participate/Express
Allow submission in writing, typed, digitally, or as a short audio recording.

Online Adaptations

Coming Soon!

Additional Resources

Bullock, K. C., Gibson, C., Howard, M., Liu, J., Tatachar, A., & Yuet, W. C. (2018). Use of the Muddiest Point Technique as an exam review in an integrated pharmacotherapy course. Currents in pharmacy teaching and learning, 10(9), 1295-1302: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1877129717303027?casa_token=AWAyU37aI2YAAAAA:bNFmDWQsYG-r-ENlJHmNt64r83Qf9x_-Cnbnm57fmsc7Z8asJN5HlaEyLuHVxAWy8fxHQ9zs

Ankeny, C. J., & Krause, S. J. (2014, June). Flipped biomedical engineering classroom using pencasts and muddiest point web-enabled tools. In 2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition (pp. 24-614): https://peer.asee.org/flipped-biomedical-engineering-classroom-using-pencasts-and-muddiest-point-web-enabled-tools

Mackos, A. R., Casler, K., Tornwall, J., & O’Brien, T. (2023). Revitalizing the Muddiest Point for Formative Assessment and Student Engagement in a Large Class. Nurse Educator, 48(2), 88-91: https://journals.lww.com/nurseeducatoronline/abstract/2023/03000/revitalizing_the_muddiest_point_for_formative.8.aspx